廣東省惠州第八中學(516000) 石惠蓮
英語句子大多謂語在主語之后，稱之為正常語序，反之則稱作倒裝語序。按形式分類，倒裝語序分為部分倒裝與全部倒裝，按原因分又分為語法倒裝與修辭倒裝。語法倒裝是出于語法結構或慣用句型的需要而實施的，一般不可以更改；而修辭倒裝則出于為了加強語氣，生動文體、平衡句子或承上啟下等修辭目的，也可以改作正常語序。如：At the monment in came a policeman ,改作A policeman came in at the moment,究竟是使用部分倒裝還是使用完全倒裝要根據(jù)語法結構或修辭的需要來定，簡述如下。
一、語法倒裝
1、多數(shù)疑問句要倒裝。如：
Do you speak English or French?
Note 1.主語是疑問詞或主語被疑問詞修飾時，該疑問句是正常語序。如：
Who will give me a hand?
How many students attended the party?
Notes 2.間接引語的疑問句不能倒裝。如：
She asked me where I was going.
Notes 3.口語中以正常語序出現(xiàn)的疑問句常常兼有猜測，驚奇、懷疑等語氣，如：
1)You live here ?(猜測且期待對方肯定回答)。
2)You have lost your son ?(驚奇，懷疑)。
3) --I saw Jim yesterday.
--You saw Jim ?(未聽清對方話而重新發(fā)問)
2、美國英語以一般疑問句型表示感嘆。如：
Isn't it cold!
有些規(guī)范的感嘆句由于主語太長也會出現(xiàn)部分倒裝。如：
How sweet the air is and how green seemed the familiar field of my native land !
3.在there引起的存在句中。如：
There will be a film today.
4.在省去了if的非真實條件句中。如：
Should anyone call ,tell him to wait for me here.
5.在表祝愿的句子中。如：
May you succeed!
6.在某些表示祈使的慣用句型中，如：
Mind you ,the meeting will begin at 8:00.
二、修辭倒裝
1、在副詞here,there引起的句中。如：
There comes our teacher.
但主語是人稱代詞時，卻不能倒裝。如：
Here you are .(稍帶感嘆意味)。
2.以副詞Now,Then引起的句子且謂語詞是come,follow等時要倒裝。如：
Then followed another knock at the door.
Now comes your turn.
3.在“The more ……the more”句型中的第二部分中，如果表語或賓語過長，必須倒裝。如：
The farther we advanced, the more difficulties did we meet .但通常情況下無須倒裝。如：
The more you study,the more you understand.
4.在某些讓步狀語從句中。如：
Try as he may ,he won't pass the test.
此類型as引導的狀語從句，如果謂語連系動詞加表語，常常只須表語前置，而連系動詞仍在主語之后，無須倒裝。如：
Pround as the noble are ,he is afraid to see me.
如果此類從句的主語過長，則仍須倒裝。
如：Young as are the children you look after,they are very clever.
5.在直接引語后面或中間的“某人說”短語常用倒裝。如“What are you doing here ?”shouted a bird.
但如果該短語主語是人稱代詞或謂語帶有賓語，或謂語部分過長則不能倒裝。如：
1)“I'm going to Beijing tomorrow.”father told me.
2)“What do you mean ?”he asked.
3)“Come to me at once.”she said in a whisper.
6.如前句所述情形也適合下句主語，為免重復而使用的So,或Neithe,Nor簡略句中。如：
She didn't like the film ,Neither/Nor did we.
You like English ,so does every one of us.
但是So后句子如果表示對上句的贊同，重復或驚奇時，So句就不可以倒裝。如：
1)Della could do nothing but lie dow and weep and so she did .(重復且主語為同一人)。
2)--You women can do what men do.
--So we can.(主語相同表示贊同).
3)--You forget your bag when you left.
--Good heavens !So l did.（驚奇）
7.否定詞not,never,little,seldom,hardly…when,no sooner…than,rarely,nowhere等位于句首時，語氣很強烈，必須倒裝。如：
1)Never(before)have I seen an elephant
2)Not until midnight did it stop snowing.
8.only修飾的狀語位于句首時，必須倒裝。如：
Only then did he realize that he was wrong.
9.程度副詞well,頻度副詞often,many a time位于句首時，為了文體生或強調，必須倒裝。如：
Ofen have I hoped to visit you.
10.方向副詞on,in,out,down,up,away等位于句首，且主語是外詞、謂語是vi時。如：
Down came the hammer,Out flew the sparks.
但主語是人稱代詞時則不倒裝。如：
Down he fell.
11.表地點的介詞短詞位于句首時。如：
From the distance came a group of dogs.
12.表語提前引起倒裝。如：
Such was his fear that he couldn't sleep at night.
但主語是人稱代詞時則不能把謂語動詞提前。如：
A strange place it is.但被提前的表語adj前再加so，則一律要求倒裝。如
So angry was she that she could hardly say a word.
13.賓語提前也可能引起倒裝。如：
Not a word,however,did she say about herself.